Manga (kanji Kanji (漢字?) are the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese writing system along with hiragana (ひらがな, 平仮名), katakana (カタカナ, 片仮名), Indo Arabic numerals, and the occasional use of the Latin alphabet (known as the Romanization of Japanese, or "Rōmaji"). The Japanese term kanji (漢字): 漫画; hiragana Hiragana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system, along with katakana, kanji, and the Latin alphabet (rōmaji). Hiragana and katakana are both kana systems, in which each character represents one mora. Each kana is either a vowel such as "a" (あ); a consonant followed by a vowel such as "ka" (か);: まんが; katakana Katakana is a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese writing system along with hiragana, kanji, and in some cases the Latin alphabet. The word katakana means "fragmentary kana", as the katakana scripts are derived from components of more complex kanji: マンガ; listen (help·info); English: /ˈmɑːŋɡə/ or /ˈmæŋɡə/) consist of comics Comics is a graphic medium in which images convey a sequential narrative. The term derives from the mostly humorous early work in the medium, and came to apply to that form of the medium including those far from comic. The sequential nature of the pictures, and the predominance of pictures over words, distinguishes comics from picture books, and print cartoons The word cartoon has various meanings, based on several very different forms of visual art and illustration. The artists who draw cartoons are known as cartoonists (sometimes also called komikku コミック), in the Japanese language Japanese (日本語?, [nihoŋɡo] ) is a language spoken by over 130 million people in Japan and in Japanese emigrant communities. It is a member of the Japonic (or Japanese-Ryukyuan) language family. There are a number of proposed relationships with other languages, but none of them has gained unanimous acceptance. Japanese is an agglutinative and conforming to the style developed in Japan Japan is an island country in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is in the late 19th century.[1] In their modern form, manga date from shortly after World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland ·,[2] but they have a long, complex pre-history in earlier Japanese art Japanese art covers a wide range of art styles and media, including ancient pottery, sculpture in wood and bronze, ink painting on silk and paper and more recently manga, cartoon, along with a myriad of other types of works of art. It also has a long history, ranging from the beginnings of human habitation in Japan, sometime in the 10th millennium.[3]

In Japan, people of all ages read manga. The genre includes a broad range of subjects: action-adventure, romance, sports and games, historical drama, comedy, science fiction and fantasy, mystery, horror, sexuality, and business/commerce, among others.[4] Since the 1950s, manga have steadily become a major part of the Japanese publishing industry,[5] representing a 406 billion yen The yen (sign: ¥; code: JPY) is the currency of Japan. It is the third most-traded currency in the foreign exchange market after United States dollar and the euro. It is also widely used as a reserve currency after the U.S. dollar, the euro and the pound sterling. As is common when counting in East Asia, large quantities of yen are often counted market in Japan in 2007 (approximately $ The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States. The U.S. dollar is normally abbreviated as the dollar sign, $, or as USD or US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies and from others that use the $ symbol. It is divided into 100 cents3.6 billion). Manga have also become increasingly[vague] popular worldwide.[6] In 2008, the U.S. and Canadian manga market was $175 million. Manga are typically printed in black-and-white Black-and-white is a term referring to a number of monochrome forms in visual arts. It is often abbreviated B/W or B&W,[7] although some full-color manga exist (e.g. Colorful Colorful is a manga by Torajirō Kishi which was adaptated into a 16 episode anime series. The episodes are composed of vignettes typically involving men and teenage boys attempting to catch a glimpse of women's panties and/or look down their blouses. The episodes are fast-paced, experimental in animation and sound/music, manic and very short,). In Japan, manga are usually serialized in telephone book-size[vague] manga magazines, often containing many stories, each presented in a single episode to be continued in the next issue. If the series is successful, collected chapters may be republished in paperback books In comics, a trade paperback is a collection of stories originally published in comic books, reprinted in book format, usually capturing one story arc from a single title or a series of stories with a connected story arc or common theme from one or more titles. Although trade paperback is actually a publishing term that refers to any book with a called tankōbon Tankōbon , with a literal meaning close to "independently appearing book", is the Japanese term for a book that is complete in itself and is not part of a series (similar to a monograph), though the manga industry uses it for volumes which may be in a series. It can be used for a novel, a nonfiction work, an economics textbook, a book.[8] A manga artist (mangaka Mangaka is the Japanese word for a comic artist or cartoonist. Outside of Japan, manga usually refers to a Japanese comic book and mangaka refers to the author of the manga, who is usually Japanese. As of 2006, about 3000 professional mangaka were working in Japan in Japanese) typically works with a few assistants in a small studio and is associated with a creative editor from a commercial publishing company.[2] If a manga series is popular enough, it may be animated Anime (アニメ?, an abbreviated pronunciation in Japanese of "animation", pronounced [anime] in Japanese, but typically /ˈænəˌmeɪ/ (help·info) or /ˈænəˌmə/ in English) is animation originating in Japan. The world outside Japan regards anime as "Japanese animation". Anime originated about 1917 after or even during its run,[9] although sometimes manga are drawn centering on previously existing live-action In film, video, and other media, the term live-action refers to cinematography not produced using animation. As it is the norm, the term is usually superfluous, but it makes an important distinction in situations in which one might normally expect animation, as in a Pixar film, a video game or when the work is adapted from an animated cartoon, or animated films[10] (e.g. Star Wars Four Star Wars films have been adapted to manga comics. There are currently no manga adaptations of Attack of the Clones or Revenge of the Sith).

"Manga" as a term used outside Japan refers specifically to comics originally published in Japan.[11] However, manga-influenced comics, among original works, exist in other parts of the world, particularly in Taiwan Taiwan, also known as Formosa , is an island situated in East Asia in the Western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China, and comprises most of the territory of the Republic of China (ROC) since the 1950s. The term "Taiwan" has also become a commonly used alternative name both domestically and ("manhua Manhua are Chinese comics originally produced in China. Possibly due to their greater degree of artistic freedom of expression and closer international ties with Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been the places of publication of most manhua thus far, often including Chinese translations of Japanese manga"), South Korea ("manhwa Manhwa is the general Korean term for comics and print cartoons (common usage also includes animated cartoons). Outside of Korea, the term usually refers specifically to South Korean comics"),[12] and the People's Republic of China, notably Hong Kong ("manhua Manhua are Chinese comics originally produced in China. Possibly due to their greater degree of artistic freedom of expression and closer international ties with Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan have been the places of publication of most manhua thus far, often including Chinese translations of Japanese manga").[13] In France, "la nouvelle manga Nouvelle Manga is an artistic movement which gathers Franco-Belgian and Japanese comic creators together. The expression was first used by Kiyoshi Kusumi, editor of the Japanese manga magazine Comickers, in referring to the work of French expatriate Frédéric Boilet, who now lives in Japan. Boilet adopted the term for himself and encouraged other" has developed as a form of bande dessinée Franco-Belgian comics are comics that are created in Belgium and France. These countries have a long tradition in comics and comic books, where they are known as BDs, an abbreviation of bande dessinée in French and stripverhalen (literally strip stories) in Dutch. The Flemish Belgian comic books (originally written in Dutch) are influenced by (literally drawn strip) drawn in styles influenced by Japanese manga. In the United States, people refer to manga-like comics as Amerimanga, world manga, or original English-language manga Original English-language manga or OEL manga is the term commonly used to describe comic books or graphic novels in the "international manga" genre of comics whose language of original publication is English. The term international manga, as used by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, encompasses all foreign comics which draw (OEL manga).

Contents

Etymology

The Japanese word manga, literally translated, means "whimsical pictures". The word first came into common usage in the late 18th century with the publication of such works as Santō Kyōden Santō Kyōden was a poet, writer and artist in the Edo period. His real name was Samuru Iwase (岩瀬醒?), and he was also known popularly as Kyōya Denzō (京屋伝蔵, kyōya denzō?). He is the brother of Santō Kyōzan's picturebook Shiji no yukikai (1798), and in the early 19th century with such works as Aikawa Minwa's Manga hyakujo (1814) and the celebrated Hokusai Manga books (1814–1878) containing assorted drawings from the sketchbooks of the famous ukiyo-e Ukiyo-e (Japanese pronunciation: [ukijo.e] or [ukijoꜜe]) is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints (or woodcuts) and paintings produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries, featuring motifs of landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and pleasure quarters. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan artist Hokusai Katsushika Hokusai was a Japanese artist, ukiyo-e painter and printmaker of the Edo period. In his time, he was Japan's leading expert on Chinese painting. Born in Edo (now Tokyo), Hokusai is best-known as author of the woodblock print series Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji (富嶽三十六景, Fugaku Sanjūroku-kei?, c. 1831) which includes the.[14] Rakuten Kitazawa (1876–1955) first used the word "manga" in the modern sense.[15]

History and characteristics

Main article: History of manga

Historians and writers on manga history have described two broad and complementary processes shaping modern manga. Their views differ in the relative importance they attribute to the role of cultural and historical events following World War II versus the role of pre-War, Meiji The Meiji period , or Meiji era denotes the period in Japanese history during the 45-year reign of the Meiji Emperor (from 23 October 1868 to 30 July 1912). During this time, Japan began its modernization and rose to world power status. Meiji means 'Enlightened Rule', and pre-Meiji The Meiji Restoration , also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution or Renewal, restored imperial rule to Japan in 1867. The Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred in the later half of the 19th century, a period that spans both the late Edo period (often called Late Japanese culture and art.

One view emphasizes events occurring during and after the U.S. Occupation of Japan At the end of World War II, Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers, led by the United States with contributions also from Australia, India, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. This foreign presence marked the first time in its history that the island nation had been occupied by a foreign power. The San Francisco Peace Treaty, signed on September 8 (1945–1952), and stresses that manga strongly reflect U.S. cultural influences, including U.S. comics (brought to Japan by the GIs G.I. is a term describing members of the U.S. armed forces or items of their equipment. It may be used as an adjective or as a noun. The term is now used as an initialism of "Government Issue" , but originally referred to galvanized iron. The letters "G.I." were used to denote equipment made from galvanized iron, such as metal) and images and themes from U.S. television, film, and cartoons (especially Disney The Walt Disney Company , also known simply as Disney, is the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world. Founded on October 16, 1923 by brothers Walt Disney and Roy Disney as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, the company was reincorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929. Walt Disney Productions established itself as a leader).[16] Alternately, other writers such as Frederik L. Schodt Frederik L. Schodt is an American translator, interpreter and writer, Kinko Ito, and Adam L. Kern stress continuity of Japanese cultural and aesthetic traditions as central to the history of manga.[17]

Modern manga originated in the Occupation (1945–1952) and post-Occupation years (1952–early 1960s), while a previously militaristic and ultra-nationalist Japan rebuilt its political and economic infrastructure. An explosion of artistic creativity occurred in this period,[18] involving manga artists such as Osamu Tezuka Osamu Tezuka was a Japanese manga artist, animator, producer and medical doctor, although he never practiced medicine. Born in Osaka Prefecture, he is best known as the creator of Astro Boy, Kimba the White Lion and Black Jack. He is often credited as the "Godfather of Anime", and is often considered the Japanese equivalent to Walt (Astro Boy Astro Boy is a Japanese manga series first published in 1952 and television program first broadcast in Japan in 1963. The story follows the adventures of a robot named Astro Boy and a selection of other characters along the way) and Machiko Hasegawa Machiko Hasegawa , January 30, 1920 – May 27, 1992, in Taku, Saga Prefecture) was one of the first female manga artists (Sazae-san Sazae-san is a Japanese comic strip created by Machiko Hasegawa).

A kami-shibai story teller from Sazae-san by Machiko Hasegawa Machiko Hasegawa , January 30, 1920 – May 27, 1992, in Taku, Saga Prefecture) was one of the first female manga artists. Sazae appears with her hair in a bun.

Astro Boy quickly became (and remains) immensely popular in Japan and elsewhere,[19] and the anime adaptation of Sazae-san continues to run as of 2009[update], regularly drawing more viewers than any other anime on Japanese television. Tezuka and Hasegawa both made stylistic innovations. In Tezuka's "cinematographic" technique, the panels are like a motion picture that reveals details of action bordering on slow motion as well as rapid zooms from distance to close-up shots. This kind of visual dynamism was widely adopted by later manga artists.[20] Hasegawa's focus on daily life and on women's experience also came to characterize later shōjo manga The term Shōjo, shojo, or shoujo manga refers to manga marketed to a female audience roughly between the ages of 10 and 18. The name romanizes the Japanese 少女 (shōjo), literally: "young girl". Shōjo manga covers many subjects in a variety of narrative and graphic styles, from historical drama to science fiction often with a strong.[21] Between 1950 and 1969, an increasingly large readership for manga emerged in Japan with the solidification of its two main marketing genres, shōnen manga Shōnen manga refers to manga marketed to a male audience roughly between the ages of 10 and 18. The Kanji characters (少年) literally mean "few" and "year", respectively, where the characters (漫画) generally mean "comic". The complete phrase literally means "young person's comic." Examples include aimed at boys and shōjo manga aimed at girls.[22]

In 1969 a group of female manga artists (later called the Year 24 Group, also known as Magnificent 24s) made their shōjo manga debut ("year 24" comes from the Japanese name for 1949, the birth-year of many of these artists).[23] The group included Hagio Moto, Riyoko Ikeda Riyoko Ikeda is a Japanese manga artist and singer. She is included in Year 24 Group. She was one of the most popular Japanese comic-artists in the 1970s, being best known for The Rose of Versailles, but gave up drawing manga to pursue a musical career. She made a comeback to the comic-industry as a scenarist in 1999. Her use of foreign settings, Yumiko Oshima, Keiko Takemiya, and Ryoko Yamagishi, and they marked the first major entry of women artists into manga.[8] Thereafter, primarily women artists manga would draw shōjo for a readership of girls and young women.[24] In the following decades (1975–present), shōjo manga continued to develop stylistically while simultaneously evolving different but overlapping subgenres.[25] Major subgenres include romance, superheroines, and "Ladies Comics" (in Japanese, redisu レディース, redikomi レディコミ, and josei 女性).[26]

Modern shōjo manga romance features love as a major theme set into emotionally intense narratives of self-realization The word 'enlightenment' can be used to refer to many different concepts. The phrase 'The Enlightenment' refers to a philosophical revolution of the 18th century based on rationalism. In a secular or a non-Buddhist context the word is often used meaning full comprehension of a situation, or having gained spiritual insight. Enlightenment is also.[27] With the superheroines, shōjo manga saw releases such as Naoko Takeuchi Naoko Takeuchi , born March 15, 1967, a manga artist, lives in Tokyo, Japan. Takeuchi's works have a wide following among anime/manga fans. She has become a well-known mangaka worldwide. Her most popular work, Sailor Moon, has appeared in several reprints and in different markets worldwide's Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon: a 49 episode live action series directed by Ryuta Tasaki ran from October 4, 2003, to September 25, 2004. There were also two direct-to-video releases: a sequel , and a prequel (Act Zero), which became internationally popular in both manga and anime formats.[28] Groups (or sentais Sentai in Japanese language is a word for a military unit and may be literally translated as "squadron", "task force", "group" or "wing". The terms "regiment" and "flotilla", while sometimes used as translations of Sentai, are also used to refer to larger formations) of girls working together have also been popular within this genre.[29]

Manga for male readers sub-divides according to the age of its intended readership: boys up to 18 years old (shōnen manga) and young men 18- to 30-years old (seinen Seinen manga is a subset of manga that is generally targeted at an 18–30 year old male audience, but the audience can be older with some comics aimed at businessmen well into their 40s. In Japanese, the word Seinen means "young man" or "young men" and is not suggestive of sexual matters. The female equivalent to seinen manga manga);[30] as well as by content, including action-adventure often involving male heroes, slapstick humor, themes of honor, and sometimes explicit sexuality.[31] The Japanese use different kanji for two closely allied meanings of "seinen"—青年 for "youth, young man" and 成年 for "adult, majority"—the second referring to sexually overt manga aimed at grown men and also called seijin ("adult" 成人) manga.[32] Shōnen, seinen, and seijin manga share many features in common.

Boys and young men became some of the earliest readers of manga after World War II. From the 1950s on, shōnen manga focused on topics thought to interest the archetypal boy, including subjects like robots, space-travel, and heroic action-adventure.[33] Popular themes include science fiction Science fiction is a genre of fiction dealing with the impact of imagined innovations in science or technology. It differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature . Exploring the consequences of such differences, technology, sports, and supernatural settings. Manga with solitary costumed superheroes like Superman Superman is a fictional character, a comic book superhero appearing in publications by DC Comics, widely considered to be an American cultural icon. Created by American writer Jerry Siegel and Canadian-born American artist Joe Shuster in 1932 while both were living in Cleveland, Ohio, and sold to Detective Comics, Inc. in 1938, the character first, Batman, and Spider-Man generally did not become as popular.[34]

The role of girls and women in manga produced for male readers has evolved considerably over time to include those featuring single pretty girls (bishōjo)[35] such as Belldandy from Oh My Goddess!, stories where such girls and women surround the hero, as in Negima and Hanaukyo Maid Team, or groups of heavily armed female warriors (sentō bishōjo)[36]

With the relaxation of censorship in Japan after the early 1990s, a wide variety of explicitly-drawn sexual themes appeared in manga intended for male readers, and correspondingly occur in English translations.[37] These depictions range from mild partial nudity through implied and explicit sexual intercourse through bondage and sadomasochism (SM), zoophilia (bestiality), incest, and rape.[38]

The gekiga style of drawing—emotionally dark, often starkly realistic, sometimes very violent—focuses on the day-in, day-out grim realities of life, often drawn in gritty and unpretty fashions.[39] Gekiga such as Sampei Shirato's 1959–1962 Chronicles of a Ninja's Military Accomplishments (Ninja Bugeichō) arose in the late 1950s and 1960s partly from left-wing student and working-class political activism[40] and partly from the aesthetic dissatisfaction of young manga artists like Yoshihiro Tatsumi with existing manga.[41]

Publications

In Japan, manga constituted an annual 406 billion yen (approximately $3.6 billion USD) publication-industry by 2007.[42] Recently, the manga industry has expanded worldwide with distribution companies license and reprint manga into their native languages.

After a series has run for a while, publishers often collect the stories together and print them in dedicated book-sized volumes, called tankōbon. These are the equivalent of U.S. trade paperbacks or graphic novels. These volumes use higher-quality paper, and are useful to those who want to "catch up" with a series so they can follow it in the magazines or if they find the cost of the weeklies or monthlies to be prohibitive. Recently, "deluxe" versions have also been printed as readers have gotten older and the need for something special grew. Old manga have also been reprinted using somewhat lesser quality paper and sold for 100 yen (about $1 U.S. dollar) each to compete with the used book market.

Marketeers primarily classify manga by the age and gender of the target readership.[43] In particular, books and magazines sold to boys (shōnen) and girls (shōjo) have distinctive cover art and are placed on different shelves in most bookstores. Due to cross-readership, consumer response is not limited by demographics. For example, male readers subscribing to a series intended for girls and so on.

Japan also has manga cafés, or manga kissa (kissa is an abbreviation of kissaten). At a manga kissa, people drink coffee and read manga, and sometimes stay there overnight.

There has been an increase in the amount of publications of original webmanga. It is internationally drawn by enthusiasts of all levels of experience, and is intended for online viewing. It can be ordered in graphic novel form if available in print.

The Kyoto International Manga Museum maintains a very large website listing manga published in Japanese.[44]

Magazines

See also: List of manga magazines Eshinbun Nipponchi; credited as the first manga magazine ever made.

Manga magazines usually have many series running concurrently with approximately 20–40 pages allocated to each series per issue. Other magazines such as the anime fandom magazine Newtype featured single chapters within their monthly periodicals. Other magazines like Nakayoshi feature many stories written by many different artists, these magazines, or "anthology magazines", as they are also known (colloquially "phone books"), are usually printed on low-quality newsprint and can be anywhere from 200 to more than 850 pages long. Manga magazines also contain one-shot comics and various four-panel yonkoma (equivalent to comic strips). Manga series can run for many years if they are successful. Manga artists sometimes start out with a few "one-shot" manga projects just to try to get their name out. If these are successful and receive good reviews, they are continued. Magazines often have a short life.[45]

History

Kanagaki Robun and Kawanabe Kyosai created the first manga magazine in 1874: Eshinbun Nipponchi. The magazine was heavily influenced by Japan Punch, founded in 1862 by Charles Wirgman, a British cartoonist. Eshinbun Nipponchi had a very simple style of drawings and did not become popular with many people. Eshinbun Nipponchi ended after three issues. The magazine Kisho Shimbun in 1875 was inspired by Eshinbun Nipponchi, this was followed by Marumaru Chinbun in 1877, and then Garakuta Chinpo in 1879.[46] Shōnen Sekai was the first shōnen magazine created in 1895 by Iwaya Sazanami, a famous writer of Japanese children's literature back then. Shōnen Sekai had a strong focus on the First Sino-Japanese War.[47]

In 1905 the manga-magazine publishing boom started with the Russo-Japanese War,[48] Tokyo Pakku was created and became a huge hit.[49] After Tokyo Pakku in 1905, a female version of Shōnen Sekai was created and named Shōjo Sekai, considered the first shōjo magazine.[50] Shōnen Pakku was made and is considered the first kodomo magazine. The kodomo demographic was in an early stage of development of Meiji period. Shōnen Pakku was influenced from foreign children's magazines such as Puck which an employee of Jitsugyō no Nihon (publisher of the magazine) saw and decided to Shōnen Pakku. In 1924, Kodomo Pakku was launched as another kodomo magazine after Shōnen Pakku.[49] In the boom, Poten was published in 1908 which comes from the French "potin". All the pages were full color influenced from Tokyo Pakku and Osaka Pakku. It is unknown if there was any other issues than the first.[48] Kodomo Pakku was launched May 1924 by Tokyosha and featured high-quality art of many members of the manga society like Takei Takeo, Takehisa Yumeji and Aso Yutaka. On some of the manga it used speech balloons for representation, other manga from the previous eras did not use speech balloons and were silent.[49]

Published from May 1935 to January 1941, Manga no Kuni coincided with the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Manga no Kuni featured information on becoming a mangaka and on other comics industries around the world. Manga no Kuni handed its title to Sashie Manga Kenkyū in August 1940.[51]

Dōjinshi

Main article: Dōjinshi

Dōjinshi, produced by small amateur publishers outside of the mainstream commercial market, resemble in their publishing small-press independently published comic books in the United States. Comiket, the largest comic book convention in the world with over 510,000 gathering over three days, is devoted to dōjinshi. While they are many times original stories, many are parodies of or include characters from popular manga and anime series. Some dōjinshi continue with a series' story or write an entirely new one using its characters, much like fan fiction. In 2007, dōjinshi sold for 27.73 billion yen (245 million USD).[42]

International markets

Main article: Manga outside Japan

As of 2007[update] the influence of manga on international animation had grown considerably over two decades.[52] ("Influence" refers to effects on the comics markets outside of Japan and to aesthetic effects on comics artists internationally.)

The reading direction in a traditional manga

Traditionally, manga stories flow from top to bottom and from right to left. Some publishers of translated manga keep this format, but other publishers flip the pages horizontally, changing the reading direction to left to right, so as not to confuse foreign readers or traditional comics-consumers. This practice is known as "flipping".[53] For the most part, the criticisms suggest that flipping goes against the original intentions of the creator (for example, if a person wears a shirt that reads "MAY" on it, and gets flipped, then the word is altered to "YAM"). Flipping may also cause oddities with familiar asymmetrical objects or layouts, such as a car being depicted with gas pedal on the left and the brake on the right, or a shirt with the buttons on the wrong side.

United States

Manga made their way only gradually into U.S. markets, first in association with anime and then independently.[54] Some U.S. fans became aware of manga in the 1970s and early 1980s.[55] However, anime was initially more accessible than manga to U.S. fans,[56] many of whom were college-age young people who found it easier to obtain, subtitle, and exhibit video tapes of anime than translate, reproduce, and distribute tankōbon-style manga books.[57] One of the first manga translated into English and marketed in the U.S. was Keiji Nakazawa's Barefoot Gen, an autobiographical story of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima issued by Leonard Rifas and Educomics (1980–1982).[58] More manga were translated between the mid-1980s and 1990s, including Golgo 13 in 1986, Lone Wolf and Cub from First Comics in 1987, and Kamui, Area 88, and Mai the Psychic Girl, also in 1987 and all from Viz Media-Eclipse Comics.[59] Others soon followed, including Akira from Marvel Comics-Epic Comics and Appleseed from Eclipse Comics in 1988, and later Iczer-1 (Antarctic Press, 1994) and Ippongi Bang's F-111 Bandit (Antarctic Press, 1995).

In the 1980s to the mid-1990s, Japanese animation, like Akira, Dragon Ball, Neon Genesis Evangelion, and Pokémon, made a bigger impact on the fan experience and in the market than manga.[60] Matters changed when translator-entrepreneur Toren Smith founded Studio Proteus in 1986. Smith and Studio Proteus acted as an agent and translator of many Japanese manga, including Masamune Shirow's Appleseed and Kōsuke Fujishima's Oh My Goddess!, for Dark Horse and Eros Comix, eliminating the need for these publishers to seek their own contacts in Japan.[61] Simultaneously, the Japanese publisher Shogakukan opened a U.S. market initiative with their U.S. subsidiary Viz, enabling Viz to draw directly on Shogakukan's catalogue and translation skills.[53]

A young boy reading Black Cat in a Barnes & Noble bookstore

The U.S. manga market took an upturn with mid-1990s anime and manga versions of Masamune Shirow's Ghost in the Shell (translated by Frederik L. Schodt and Toren Smith) becoming very popular among fans.[citation needed] Another success of the mid-1990s was Sailor Moon.[62] By 1995–1998, the Sailor Moon manga had been exported to over 23 countries, including China, Brazil, Mexico, Australia, most of Europe and North America.[63] In 1997, Mixx Entertainment began publishing Sailor Moon, along with CLAMP's Magic Knight Rayearth, Hitoshi Iwaaki's Parasyte and Tsutomu Takahashi's Ice Blade in the monthly manga magazine MixxZine. Two years later, MixxZine was renamed to Tokyopop before discontinuing in 2000. Mixx Entertainment, later renamed Tokyopop, also published manga in trade paperbacks and, like Viz, began aggressive marketing of manga to both young male and young female demographics.[64]

In the following years, manga became increasingly popular, and new publishers entered the field while the established publishers greatly expanded their catalogues.[65] As of 2008[update], the U.S. and Canadian manga market generated $175 million in annual sales.[66] Simultaneously, mainstream U.S. media began to discuss manga, with articles in The New York Times, Time magazine, The Wall Street Journal, and Wired magazine.[67]

Europe

Manga has influenced European cartooning in a way somewhat different than the United States experience. Broadcast anime in Italy and France opened the European market to manga during the 1970s.[68] French art has borrowed from Japan since the 19th century (Japonisme),[69] and has its own highly developed tradition of bande dessinée cartooning.[70] In France, imported manga has easily been assimilated into high art traditions. For example, volumes 6 and 7 of Yu Aida's Gunslinger Girl center on a cyborg girl, a former ballet dancer named Petruchka. The Asuka edition of volume 7 contains an essay about the ballet Petruchka by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky and first performed in Paris in 1911.[71] However, Francophone readership of manga is not limited to an artistic elite. Instead, beginning in the mid-1990s,[72] manga has proven very popular to a wide readership, accounting for about one-third of comics sales in France since 2004.[73] According to the Japan External Trade Organization, sales of manga reached $212.6 million within France and Germany alone in 2006.[68] European publishers marketing manga translated into French include Glénat, Asuka, Casterman, Kana, and Pika Édition, among others.

European publishers also translate manga into German, Italian, Dutch, and other languages. Manga publishers based in the United Kingdom include Gollancz and Titan Books. Manga publishers from the United States have a strong marketing presence in the United Kingdom: for example, the Tanoshimi line from Random House.

Localized manga

A number of artists in the United States have drawn comics and cartoons influenced by manga. As an early example, Vernon Grant drew manga-influenced comics while living in Japan in the late 1960s and early 1970s.[74] Others include Frank Miller's mid-1980s Ronin, Adam Warren and Toren Smith's 1988 The Dirty Pair,[75] Ben Dunn's 1987 Ninja High School, Stan Sakai's 1984 Usagi Yojimbo, and Manga Shi 2000 from Crusade Comics (1997).

By the 21st century several U.S. manga publishers had begun to produce work by U.S. artists under the broad marketing label of manga.[76] In 2002, I.C. Entertainment, formerly Studio Ironcat and now out of business, launched a series of manga by U.S. artists called Amerimanga.[77] In 2004 eigoMANGA launched Rumble Pak and Sakura Pakk anthology series. Seven Seas Entertainment followed suit with World Manga.[78] Simultaneously, TokyoPop introduced original English-language manga (OEL manga) later renamed Global Manga.[79] TokyoPop is currently the largest U.S. publisher of original English language manga.[80]

Francophone artists have also developed their own versions of manga, like Frédéric Boilet's la nouvelle manga. Boilet has worked in France and in Japan, sometimes collaborating with Japanese artists.[81]

Awards

The Japanese manga industry grants a large number of awards, mostly sponsored by publishers, with the winning prize usually including publication of the winning stories in magazines released by the sponsoring publisher. Examples of these awards include:

The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has awarded the International Manga Award annually since May 2007.[82]

See also

Anime and Manga portal
Book:Anime and Manga
Books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Lent 2001, pp. 3–4, Tchiei 1998, Gravett 2004, p. 8
  2. ^ a b Kinsella 2000[Need quotation to verify]
  3. ^ Kern 2006, Ito 2005, Schodt 1986
  4. ^ Gravett 2004, p. 8
  5. ^ Kinsella 2000, Schodt 1996
  6. ^ Wong 2006, Patten 2004
  7. ^ Katzenstein & Shiraishi 1997
  8. ^ a b Gravett 2004, p. 8, Schodt 1986
  9. ^ Kittelson 1998
  10. ^ Johnston-O'Neill 2007
  11. ^ Merriam-Webster 2009
  12. ^ Webb 2006
  13. ^ Wong 2002
  14. ^ Bouquillard & Marquet 2007
  15. ^ Shimizu 1985, p. 53–54, 102–103
  16. ^ Kinsella 2000, Schodt 1986
  17. ^ Schodt 1986, Ito 2004, Kern 2006, Kern 2007
  18. ^ Schodt 1986, Schodt 1996, Schodt 2007, Gravett 2004
  19. ^ Kodansha 1999, pp. 692–715, Schodt 2007
  20. ^ Schodt 1986
  21. ^ Gravett 2004, p. 8, Lee 2000, Sanchez 1997–2003
  22. ^ Schodt 1986, Toku 2006
  23. ^ Gravett 2004, pp. 78–80, Lent 2001, pp. 9–10
  24. ^ Schodt 1986, Toku 2006, Thorn 2001
  25. ^ Ōgi 2004
  26. ^ Gravett 2004, p. 8, Schodt 1996
  27. ^ Drazen 2003
  28. ^ Allison 2000, pp. 259–278, Schodt 1996, p. 92
  29. ^ Poitras 2001
  30. ^ Thompson 2007, pp. xxiii–xxiv
  31. ^ Brenner 2007, pp. 31–34
  32. ^ Schodt 1996, p. 95, Perper & Cornog 2002
  33. ^ Schodt 1986, pp. 68–87, Gravett 2004, p. 52–73
  34. ^ Schodt 1986, pp. 68–87
  35. ^ Perper & Cornog 2002, pp. 60–63
  36. ^ Gardner 2003
  37. ^ Perper & Cornog 2002
  38. ^ Perper & Cornog 2003, pp. 663–671
  39. ^ Schodt 1986, p. 68–73, Gravett 2006
  40. ^ Schodt 1986, p. 68–73, Gravett 2004, pp. 38–42, Isao 2001
  41. ^ Isao 2001, pp. 147–149, Nunez 2006
  42. ^ a b Cube 2007
  43. ^ Schodt 1996
  44. ^ Manga Museum 2009
  45. ^ Schodt 1996, pp. 101
  46. ^ Eshinbun Nipponchi
  47. ^ Griffiths 2007
  48. ^ a b Poten
  49. ^ a b c Shonen Pakku
  50. ^ Lone 2007, p. 75
  51. ^ Manga no Kuni
  52. ^ Pink 2007, Wong 2007
  53. ^ a b Farago 2007
  54. ^ Patten 2004
  55. ^ In 1987, "...Japanese comics were more legendary than accessible to American readers", Patten 2004, p. 259
  56. ^ Napier 2000, pp. 239–256, Clements & McCarthy 2006, pp. 475–476
  57. ^ Patten 2004, Schodt 1996, pp. 305–340, Leonard 2004
  58. ^ Schodt 1996, p. 309, Rifas 2004, Rifas adds that the original EduComics titles were Gen of Hiroshima and I SAW IT [sic].
  59. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 37, 259–260, Thompson 2007, p. xv
  60. ^ Leonard 2004, Patten 2004, pp. 52–73, Farago 2007
  61. ^ Schodt 1996, pp. 318–321, Dark Horse Comics 2004
  62. ^ Patten 2004, pp. 50, 110, 124, 128, 135, Arnold 2000
  63. ^ Schodt 1996, p. 95
  64. ^ Arnold 2000, Farago 2007, Bacon 2005
  65. ^ Schodt 1996, pp. 308–319
  66. ^ Reid 2009
  67. ^ Glazer 2005, Masters 2006, Bosker 2007, Pink 2007
  68. ^ a b Fishbein 2007
  69. ^ Berger 1992
  70. ^ Vollmar 2007
  71. ^ Massé 2006
  72. ^ Mahousu 2005
  73. ^ Mahousu 2005, ANN 2004, Riciputi 2007
  74. ^ Stewart 1984
  75. ^ Crandol 2002
  76. ^ Tai 2007
  77. ^ ANN 2002
  78. ^ ANN May 10, 2006
  79. ^ ANN May 5, 2006
  80. ^ ICv2 2007, Reid 2006
  81. ^ Boilet 2001, Boilet & Takahama 2004
  82. ^ ANN 2007, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan 2007

References

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manga

Manga at the Open Directory Project

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A. @drewgood, how about Powerpuff girls? it became popular that they made an anime series for this cartoon series --- Powerpuff girls Z. I think that it's ok to write it in english, then there would be some translators that will translate it to their languages. So long as your manga have good stories, good characters, or good whatever-it-be, then the title wouldn't matter much. Don't judge a book by it's cover. I think some people did their own manga and gave it to the onemanga.com site for everyone to read... i think it's called [rec] or something like that. Maybe, you should popularize yourself first by giving some of your manga to sites like these.
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